Removing quasi-periodic noise in strain maps by filtering in the Fourier domain

International audienceQuasi-periodic noise due to various reasons often corrupts strain maps obtained with full-field measuring systems. The aim of this didactic paper is to show how to remove this noise by changing some Fourier coefficients involved in the two-dimensional (2D) Fourier transform of these strain maps. The basics of the 2D Fourier transform of images, which is a common tool in image processing but that is only scarcely employed in the experimental mechanics community, are first briefly recalled. Several procedures employed for removing undesirable frequencies in strain maps are then discussed. Three different examples illustrate the benefit of this approach

On noise prediction in maps obtained with global DIC

International audienceA predictive formula giving the measurement resolution in displacement maps obtained using Digital Image Correlation was proposed some years ago in the literature. The objective of this paper is to revisit this formula and to propose a more general one which takes into account the influence of subpixel interpolation for the displacement. Moreover, a noiseless DIC tangent operator is defined to also minimize noise propagation from images to displacement maps. Simulated data enable us to assess the improvement brought about by this approach. The experimental validation is then carried out by assessing the noise in displacement maps deduced from a stack of images corrupted by noise. It is shown that specific image pre-processing tools are required to correctly predict the displacement resolution. This image pre-processing step is necessary to correctly account for the fact that noise in images is signal-dependent, and to get rid of parasitic micro-movements between camera and specimen that were experimentally observed and which corrupt noise estimation. Obtained results are analyzed and discussed

Strict upper bounds of the error in calculated outputs of interest for plasticity problems

International audienceThis paper introduces a new computational technique for deriving guaranteed upper bounds of the error in calculated outputs of interest for plasticity problems under quasi-static conditions. This approach involves the resolution of some nonstandard additional problems, for which resolution techniques are given. All sources of error (spatial and temporal discretization, iteration stepping) are taken into account

On the propagation of camera sensor noise to displacement maps obtained by DIC - an experimental study

International audienceThis paper focuses on one of the metrological properties of DIC, namely displacement resolution. More specifically, the study aims to validate, in the environment of an experimental mechanics laboratory, a recent generalized theoretical prediction of displacement resolution. Indeed, usual predictive formulas available in the literature neither take into account sub-pixel displacement, nor have been validated in an experimental mechanics laboratory environment, nor are applicable to all types of DIC (Global as well as Local). Here, the formula used to account for sub-pixel displacements is first recalled, and an accurate model of the sensor noise is introduced. The hypotheses required for the elaboration of this prediction are clearly stated. The formula is then validated using experimental data. Since rigid body motion between the specimen and the camera impairs the experimental data, and since sensor noise is signal-dependent, particular tools need to be introduced in order to ensure the consistency between the observed image noise and the model on which prediction hypotheses are based. Pre-processing tools introduced for another full-field measurement approach, namely the Grid Method, are employed to address these issues

Determining displacement and strain maps immune from aliasing effect with the grid method

International audienceSpatial aliasing may affect methods based on grid image processing to retrieve displacement and strain maps in experimental mechanics. Such methods aim at estimating these maps on the surface of a specimen subjected to a loading test. Aliasing, which is often not noticeable to the naked eye in the grid images, may give spurious fringes in the strain maps. This paper presents an analysis of aliasing in this context and provides the reader with simple guidelines to minimize the effect of aliasing on strain maps extracted from grid images

Rendering Deformed Speckle Images with a Boolean Model

International audienceRendering speckle images affected by a given deformation field is of primary importance to assess the metrological performance of displacement measurement methods used in experimental mechanics and based on digital image correlation (DIC). This article describes how to render deformed speckle images with a classic model of stochastic geometry, the Boolean model. The advantage of the proposed approach is that it does not depend on any interpolation scheme likely to bias the assessment process, and that it allows the user to render speckle images deformed with any deformation field given by an analytic formula. The proposed algorithm mimics the imaging chain of a digital camera, and its parameters are carefully discussed. A MATLAB software implementation and synthetic ground-truth datasets for assessing DIC software programs are publicly available

Concurrent tracking of strain and noise bursts at ferroelastic phase fronts

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Concurrent tracking of strain and noise bursts at ferroelastic phase fronts

Many technological applications are based on functional materials that exhibit reversible first-order ferroelastic transitions, including elastocaloric refrigeration, energy harvesting, and sensing and actuation. During these phase changes inhomogeneous microstructures are formed which fit together different crystalline phases, and evolve abruptly through strain bursts related to domain nucleation and the propagation of phase fronts, accompanied by acoustic emission. Mechanical performance is strongly affected by such microstructure formation and evolution, yet visualisation of these processes remains challenging. Here we report a detailed study of the bursty dynamics during a reversible stress-induced martensitic transformation in a CuZnAl shape-memory alloy. We combine full-field strain-burst detection, performed by means of an optical grid method, with the acoustic tracking of martensitic strain avalanches using two transducers, which allows for the location of the acoustic-emission events to be determined and the measurement of their energies. The matching of these two techniques reveals interface formation, advancement, jamming and arrest at pinning points within the transforming crystal

Local strict upper bounds in elastoplasticity

Ce travail présente une méthode générale fournissant des bornes garanties de l'erreur de discrétisation sur une quantité locale issue d'un calcul éléments finis. Formulée dans un cadre général, la méthode est illustrée sur un cas 2D d'élastoplasticité. Le cadre non-linéaire de cette implémentation a soulevé des problèmes d'un type nouveau au sein de la thématique de vérification. Après avoir défini les problèmes miroir et central, nous proposons des solutions pour les résoudre.La mise en place de l'outil introduit est détaillée. Ainsi, des bornes garanties de l'erreur locale sur une composante de la déformation plastique sont calculées. Une première étude sur des cas académiques est présentée avant de s'intéresser à un cas plus complexe. Enfin une amélioration de la méthode est introduite, permettant l'obtention de bornes plus pertinentes.This work presents a general method providing good control on the discretization error on a local quantity of a finite element solution. Formulated using a general formulation, this method is illustrated in a 2D case of elastoplasticity. Nonlinear part of this implementation has raised issues of a new type in the subject of verification. Mirror and the central problems are defined, and we offer solutions for both.The implementation of this tool is introduced in detail. Thus, the guarantees bounds of the local error on a component of plastic deformation are calculated. An initial study on academic case is presented before focusing on a more complex one. Finally an improved method is introduced, allowing the calculation of more relevant bounds